wip: unearth the backlog severely

Cargo.toml

@@ -5,10 +5,9 @@ version     = "0.15.0"
 description = "UI metaframework."
 
 [features]
-default = ["lang", "sing", "draw", "play", "tui", "text", "time", "rand", "okhsl"]
+default = ["lang", "sing", "draw", "play", "term", "text", "time", "rand", "okhsl"]
 bumpalo = ["dep:bumpalo"]
 draw    = []
-dsl     = ["dep:dizzle"]
 gui     = ["draw", "dep:winit"]
 lang    = ["dep:dizzle"]
 okhsl   = ["dep:palette"]
@@ -17,7 +16,7 @@ rand    = ["dep:rand"]
 sing    = ["dep:jack"]
 text    = ["dep:unicode-width"]
 time    = ["dep:quanta"]
-tui     = ["draw", "dep:ratatui", "dep:crossterm"]
+term    = ["draw", "dep:ratatui", "dep:crossterm"]
 
 [dependencies]
 anyhow        = { version = "1.0" }

dizzle

@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 068e26dd50699e51e9db01ac23fc0778074647bd
+Subproject commit 44b2be57ca8d1f69a95f2eb02f4b5474ec77ac0a

src/.scratch.rs

@@ -1359,3 +1359,105 @@ impl<E: Engine, S, C: Command<S>> MenuItem<E, S, C> {
                 ////}
             ////}
         ////}
+
+////impl<T: AsMut<Buffer>> TuiOut for T { fn tui_out (&mut self) -> &mut Buffer { self.as_mut() } }
+
+//impl Tui {
+    ///// True if done
+    //pub fn exited (&self) -> bool { self.exited.fetch_and(true, Relaxed) }
+    ///// Prepare before run
+    //pub fn setup (&self) -> Usually<()> { tui_setup(&mut*self.backend.write().unwrap()) }
+    ///// Clean up after run
+    //pub fn teardown (&self) -> Usually<()> { tui_teardown(&mut*self.backend.write().unwrap()) }
+    ///// Apply changes to the display buffer.
+    //pub fn flip (&mut self, mut buffer: Buffer, size: ratatui::prelude::Rect) -> Buffer { tui_flip(self, self.buffer, buffer, size) }
+    ///// Create the engine.
+    //pub fn new (output: Box<dyn Write + Send + Sync>) -> Usually<Self> {
+        //let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(output);
+        //let Size { width, height } = backend.size()?;
+        //Ok(Self {
+            //exited:  Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false)),
+            //buffer:  Buffer::empty(Rect { x: 0, y: 0, width, height }).into(),
+            //area:    XYWH(0, 0, width, height),
+            //perf:    Default::default(),
+            //backend: backend.into(),
+            //event:   None,
+            //error:   None,
+        //})
+    //}
+    ///// Run an app in the engine.
+    //pub fn run <T> (mut self, join: bool, state: &Arc<RwLock<T>>) -> Usually<Arc<Self>> where
+        //T: Act<Tui, T> + Draw<Buffer> + Send + Sync + 'static
+    //{
+        //self.setup()?;
+        //let tui           = Arc::new(self);
+        //let input_poll    = Duration::from_millis(100);
+        //let output_sleep  = Duration::from_millis(10); // == 1/MAXFPS (?)
+        //let _input_thread = tui_input(&tui, state, input_poll)?;
+        //let render_thread = tui_output(&tui, state, output_sleep)?;
+        //if join { // Run until render thread ends:
+            //let result = render_thread.join();
+            //tui.teardown()?;
+            //match result {
+                //Ok(result) => println!("\n\rRan successfully: {result:?}\n\r"),
+                //Err(error) => panic!("\n\rDraw thread failed: error={error:?}.\n\r"),
+            //}
+        //}
+        //Ok(tui)
+    //}
+//}
+
+//impl Layout<Tui> for &str {
+    //fn layout (&self, to: XYWH<u16>) -> XYWH<u16> {
+        //to.centered_xy([width_chars_max(to.w(), self), 1])
+    //}
+//}
+
+//impl Layout<Tui> for String {
+    //fn layout (&self, to: XYWH<u16>) -> XYWH<u16> {
+        //self.as_str().layout(to)
+    //}
+//}
+
+//impl Layout<Tui> for Arc<str> {
+    //fn layout (&self, to: XYWH<u16>) -> XYWH<u16> {
+        //self.as_ref().layout(to)
+    //}
+//}
+
+//impl<'a, T: AsRef<str>> Layout<Tui> for TrimString<T> {
+    //fn layout (&self, to: XYWH<u16>) -> XYWH<u16> {
+        //Layout::layout(&self.as_ref(), to)
+    //}
+//}
+
+//impl<'a, T: AsRef<str>> Layout<Tui> for TrimStringRef<'a, T> {
+    //fn layout (&self, to: XYWH<u16>) -> XYWH<u16> {
+        //XYWH(to.x(), to.y(), to.w().min(self.0).min(self.1.as_ref().width() as u16), to.h())
+    //}
+//}
+
+///// TUI helper defs.
+//impl Tui {
+    ////pub const fn null     () -> Color { Color::Reset }
+    ////pub const fn red      () -> Color { Color::Rgb(255,0,  0) }
+    ////pub const fn orange   () -> Color { Color::Rgb(255,128,0) }
+    ////pub const fn yellow   () -> Color { Color::Rgb(255,255,0) }
+    ////pub const fn brown    () -> Color { Color::Rgb(128,255,0) }
+    ////pub const fn green    () -> Color { Color::Rgb(0,255,0) }
+    ////pub const fn electric () -> Color { Color::Rgb(0,255,128) }
+    ////pub const fn g   (g: u8) -> Color { Color::Rgb(g, g, g) }
+    ////fn bg0  () -> Color { Color::Rgb(20, 20, 20) }
+    ////fn bg   () -> Color { Color::Rgb(28, 35, 25) }
+    ////fn border_bg () -> Color { Color::Rgb(40, 50, 30) }
+    ////fn border_fg (f: bool) -> Color { if f { Self::bo1() } else { Self::bo2() } }
+    ////fn title_fg (f: bool) -> Color { if f { Self::ti1() } else { Self::ti2() } }
+    ////fn separator_fg (_: bool) -> Color { Color::Rgb(0, 0, 0) }
+    ////fn mode_bg () -> Color { Color::Rgb(150, 160, 90) }
+    ////fn mode_fg () -> Color { Color::Rgb(255, 255, 255) }
+    ////fn status_bar_bg () -> Color { Color::Rgb(28, 35, 25) }
+    ////fn bo1 () -> Color { Color::Rgb(100, 110, 40) }
+    ////fn bo2 () -> Color { Color::Rgb(70, 80, 50) }
+    ////fn ti1 () -> Color { Color::Rgb(150, 160, 90) }
+    ////fn ti2 () -> Color { Color::Rgb(120, 130, 100) }
+//}

src/color.rs

@@ -1,11 +1,23 @@
-pub(crate) use ::palette::Okhsl;
+use ::ratatui::style::Color;
+use crate::lang::impl_from;
+pub(crate) use ::palette::{Okhsl, Srgb, OklabHue, okhsl::UniformOkhsl};
+
+pub fn rgb (r: u8, g: u8, b: u8) -> ItemColor { todo!(); }
+
+pub fn okhsl_to_rgb (color: Okhsl<f32>) -> Color {
+    let Srgb { red, green, blue, .. }: Srgb<f32> = Srgb::from_color_unclamped(color);
+    Color::Rgb((red   * 255.0) as u8, (green * 255.0) as u8, (blue  * 255.0) as u8,)
+}
+
+pub fn rgb_to_okhsl (color: Color) -> Okhsl<f32> {
+    if let Color::Rgb(r, g, b) = color {
+        Okhsl::from_color(Srgb::new(r as f32 / 255.0, g as f32 / 255.0, b as f32 / 255.0))
+    } else {
+        unreachable!("only Color::Rgb is supported")
+    }
+}
 
 pub trait HasColor { fn color (&self) -> ItemColor; }
-
-pub struct ItemColor {}
-
-pub struct ItemTheme {}
-
 #[macro_export] macro_rules! has_color {
     (|$self:ident:$Struct:ident$(<$($L:lifetime),*$($T:ident$(:$U:path)?),*>)?|$cb:expr) => {
         impl $(<$($L),*$($T $(: $U)?),*>)? HasColor for $Struct $(<$($L),*$($T),*>)? {
@@ -14,6 +26,107 @@ pub struct ItemTheme {}
     }
 }
 
-pub fn rgb (r: u8, g: u8, b: u8) -> ItemColor {
+pub struct ItemColor {}
-    todo!();
+impl_from!(ItemColor: |rgb: Color|        Self { rgb, okhsl: rgb_to_okhsl(rgb) });
+impl_from!(ItemColor: |okhsl: Okhsl<f32>| Self { okhsl, rgb: okhsl_to_rgb(okhsl) });
+// A single color within item theme parameters, in OKHSL and RGB representations.
+impl ItemColor {
+    #[cfg(feature = "tui")] pub const fn from_tui (rgb: Color) -> Self {
+        Self { rgb, okhsl: Okhsl::new_const(OklabHue::new(0.0), 0.0, 0.0) }
+    }
+    pub fn random () -> Self {
+        let mut rng = ::rand::thread_rng();
+        let lo = Okhsl::new(-180.0, 0.01, 0.25);
+        let hi = Okhsl::new( 180.0, 0.9,  0.5);
+        UniformOkhsl::new(lo, hi).sample(&mut rng).into()
+    }
+    pub fn random_dark () -> Self {
+        let mut rng = ::rand::thread_rng();
+        let lo = Okhsl::new(-180.0, 0.025, 0.075);
+        let hi = Okhsl::new( 180.0, 0.5,   0.150);
+        UniformOkhsl::new(lo, hi).sample(&mut rng).into()
+    }
+    pub fn random_near (color: Self, distance: f32) -> Self {
+        color.mix(Self::random(), distance)
+    }
+    pub fn mix (&self, other: Self, distance: f32) -> Self {
+        if distance > 1.0 { panic!("color mixing takes distance between 0.0 and 1.0"); }
+        self.okhsl.mix(other.okhsl, distance).into()
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct ItemTheme {}
+impl_from!(ItemTheme: |base: ItemColor|   Self::from_item_color(base));
+impl_from!(ItemTheme: |base: Color|       Self::from_tui_color(base));
+impl ItemTheme {
+    #[cfg(feature = "tui")] pub const G: [Self;256] = {
+        let mut builder = konst::array::ArrayBuilder::new();
+        while !builder.is_full() {
+            let index    = builder.len() as u8;
+            let light    = (index as f64 * 1.15) as u8;
+            let lighter  = (index as f64 * 1.7) as u8;
+            let lightest = (index as f64 * 1.85) as u8;
+            let dark     = (index as f64 * 0.9) as u8;
+            let darker   = (index as f64 * 0.6) as u8;
+            let darkest  = (index as f64 * 0.3) as u8;
+            builder.push(ItemTheme {
+                base:     ItemColor::from_tui(Color::Rgb(index,    index,    index     )),
+                light:    ItemColor::from_tui(Color::Rgb(light,    light,    light,    )),
+                lighter:  ItemColor::from_tui(Color::Rgb(lighter,  lighter,  lighter,  )),
+                lightest: ItemColor::from_tui(Color::Rgb(lightest, lightest, lightest, )),
+                dark:     ItemColor::from_tui(Color::Rgb(dark,     dark,     dark,     )),
+                darker:   ItemColor::from_tui(Color::Rgb(darker,   darker,   darker,   )),
+                darkest:  ItemColor::from_tui(Color::Rgb(darkest,  darkest,  darkest,  )),
+            });
+        }
+        builder.build()
+    };
+    pub fn random () -> Self { ItemColor::random().into() }
+    pub fn random_near (color: Self, distance: f32) -> Self {
+        color.base.mix(ItemColor::random(), distance).into()
+    }
+    pub const G00: Self = {
+        let color: ItemColor = ItemColor {
+            okhsl: Okhsl { hue: OklabHue::new(0.0), lightness: 0.0, saturation: 0.0 },
+            rgb: Color::Rgb(0, 0, 0)
+        };
+        Self {
+            base:     color,
+            light:    color,
+            lighter:  color,
+            lightest: color,
+            dark:     color,
+            darker:   color,
+            darkest:  color,
+        }
+    };
+    #[cfg(feature = "tui")] pub fn from_tui_color (base: Color) -> Self {
+        Self::from_item_color(ItemColor::from_tui(base))
+    }
+    pub fn from_item_color (base: ItemColor) -> Self {
+        let mut light      = base.okhsl;
+        light.lightness    = (light.lightness    * 1.3).min(1.0);
+        let mut lighter    = light;
+        lighter.lightness  = (lighter.lightness  * 1.3).min(1.0);
+        let mut lightest   = base.okhsl;
+        lightest.lightness = 0.95;
+        let mut dark       = base.okhsl;
+        dark.lightness     = (dark.lightness     * 0.75).max(0.0);
+        dark.saturation    = (dark.saturation    * 0.75).max(0.0);
+        let mut darker     = dark;
+        darker.lightness   = (darker.lightness   * 0.66).max(0.0);
+        darker.saturation  = (darker.saturation  * 0.66).max(0.0);
+        let mut darkest    = darker;
+        darkest.lightness  = 0.1;
+        darkest.saturation = (darkest.saturation * 0.50).max(0.0);
+        Self {
+            base,
+            light:    light.into(),
+            lighter:  lighter.into(),
+            lightest: lightest.into(),
+            dark:     dark.into(),
+            darker:   darker.into(),
+            darkest:  darkest.into(),
+        }
+    }
 }

src/lang.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+#[cfg(feature = "tui")] impl TuiKey {
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "lang")]
+    pub fn from_dsl (dsl: impl Language) -> Usually<Self> {
+        if let Some(word) = dsl.word()? {
+            let word = word.trim();
+            Ok(if word == ":char" {
+                Self(None, KeyModifiers::NONE)
+            } else if word.chars().nth(0) == Some('@') {
+                let mut key       = None;
+                let mut modifiers = KeyModifiers::NONE;
+                let mut tokens    = word[1..].split(Self::SPLIT).peekable();
+                while let Some(token) = tokens.next() {
+                    if tokens.peek().is_some() {
+                        match token {
+                            "ctrl"  | "Ctrl"  | "c" | "C" => modifiers |= KeyModifiers::CONTROL,
+                            "alt"   | "Alt"   | "m" | "M" => modifiers |= KeyModifiers::ALT,
+                            "shift" | "Shift" | "s" | "S" => {
+                                modifiers |= KeyModifiers::SHIFT;
+                                // + TODO normalize character case, BackTab, etc.
+                            },
+                            _ => panic!("unknown modifier {token}"),
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        key = if token.len() == 1 {
+                            Some(KeyCode::Char(token.chars().next().unwrap()))
+                        } else {
+                            Some(named_key(token).unwrap_or_else(||panic!("unknown character {token}")))
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                Self(key, modifiers)
+            } else {
+                return Err(format!("TuiKey: unexpected: {word}").into())
+            })
+        } else {
+            return Err(format!("TuiKey: unspecified").into())
+        }
+    }
+
+}

src/lib.rs

@@ -35,9 +35,9 @@ pub(crate) use ::{
 #[cfg(feature = "draw")] pub mod draw;
 #[cfg(feature = "draw")] pub mod color;
 #[cfg(feature = "text")] pub mod text;
-#[cfg(feature = "tui")] pub mod tui;
+#[cfg(feature = "term")] pub mod term;
-#[cfg(feature = "tui")] pub extern crate ratatui;
+#[cfg(feature = "term")] pub extern crate ratatui;
-#[cfg(feature = "tui")] pub extern crate crossterm;
+#[cfg(feature = "term")] pub extern crate crossterm;
 
 /// Define a trait an implement it for various mutation-enabled wrapper types. */
 #[macro_export] macro_rules! flex_trait_mut (

src/term.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,792 @@
+use crate::{*, lang::*, play::*, draw::*, color::*, text::*};
+use unicode_width::{UnicodeWidthStr, UnicodeWidthChar};
+use rand::distributions::uniform::UniformSampler;
+use ::{
+    std::{
+        io::{stdout, Write},
+        time::Duration
+    },
+    better_panic::{Settings, Verbosity},
+    ratatui::{
+        prelude::{Color, Style, Buffer, Position, Backend},
+        style::{Modifier, Color::*},
+        backend::{CrosstermBackend, ClearType},
+        layout::{Size, Rect},
+        buffer::Cell
+    },
+    crossterm::{
+        terminal::{EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen, enable_raw_mode, disable_raw_mode},
+        event::{poll, read, Event, KeyEvent, KeyCode, KeyModifiers, KeyEventKind, KeyEventState},
+    }
+};
+
+/// Marker trait for structs that may be root of TUI app.
+pub trait Tui: Draw<Buffer> + Do<TuiEvent, Perhaps<TuiEvent>> {}
+
+/// `Tui` is automatically implemented.
+impl<T: Draw<Buffer> + Do<TuiEvent, Perhaps<TuiEvent>>> Tui for T {}
+
+/// Spawn the TUI input thread which reads keys from the terminal.
+pub fn tui_input <T: Act<TuiEvent, T> + Send + Sync + 'static> (
+    exited: &Arc<AtomicBool>, state: &Arc<RwLock<T>>, poll: Duration
+) -> Result<Thread, std::io::Error> {
+    let exited = exited.clone();
+    let state = state.clone();
+    Thread::new_poll(exited.clone(), poll, move |_| {
+        let event = read().unwrap();
+        match event {
+
+            // Hardcoded exit.
+            Event::Key(KeyEvent {
+                modifiers: KeyModifiers::CONTROL,
+                code:      KeyCode::Char('c'),
+                kind:      KeyEventKind::Press,
+                state:     KeyEventState::NONE
+            }) => { exited.store(true, Relaxed); },
+
+            // Handle all other events by the state:
+            _ => {
+                let event = TuiEvent::from_crossterm(event);
+                if let Err(e) = state.write().unwrap().handle(&event) {
+                    panic!("{e}")
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    })
+}
+
+/// TUI input loop event.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, PartialOrd)]
+pub struct TuiEvent(pub Event);
+impl_from!(TuiEvent: |e: Event| TuiEvent(e));
+impl_from!(TuiEvent: |c: char|  TuiEvent(Event::Key(KeyEvent::new(KeyCode::Char(c), KeyModifiers::NONE))));
+impl TuiEvent {
+    #[cfg(feature = "dsl")] pub fn from_dsl (dsl: impl Language) -> Perhaps<Self> {
+        Ok(TuiKey::from_dsl(dsl)?.to_crossterm().map(Self))
+    }
+}
+impl Ord for TuiEvent {
+    fn cmp (&self, other: &Self) -> std::cmp::Ordering {
+        self.partial_cmp(other)
+            .unwrap_or_else(||format!("{:?}", self).cmp(&format!("{other:?}"))) // FIXME perf
+    }
+}
+
+/// TUI key spec.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, PartialOrd)]
+pub struct TuiKey(pub Option<KeyCode>, pub KeyModifiers);
+
+impl TuiKey {
+    const SPLIT: char = '/';
+    pub fn to_crossterm (&self) -> Option<Event> {
+        self.0.map(|code|Event::Key(KeyEvent {
+            code,
+            modifiers: self.1,
+            kind:  KeyEventKind::Press,
+            state: KeyEventState::NONE,
+        }))
+    }
+    pub fn named (token: &str) -> Option<KeyCode> {
+        use KeyCode::*;
+        Some(match token {
+            "up"                => Up,
+            "down"              => Down,
+            "left"              => Left,
+            "right"             => Right,
+            "esc"    | "escape" => Esc,
+            "enter"  | "return" => Enter,
+            "delete" | "del"    => Delete,
+            "backspace"         => Backspace,
+            "tab"               => Tab,
+            "space"             => Char(' '),
+            "comma"             => Char(','),
+            "period"            => Char('.'),
+            "plus"              => Char('+'),
+            "minus" | "dash"    => Char('-'),
+            "equal" | "equals"  => Char('='),
+            "underscore"        => Char('_'),
+            "backtick"          => Char('`'),
+            "lt"                => Char('<'),
+            "gt"                => Char('>'),
+            "cbopen"  | "openbrace"  => Char('{'),
+            "cbclose" | "closebrace" => Char('}'),
+            "bropen"  | "openbracket"  => Char('['),
+            "brclose" | "closebracket" => Char(']'),
+            "pgup" | "pageup"   => PageUp,
+            "pgdn" | "pagedown" => PageDown,
+            "f1"                => F(1),
+            "f2"                => F(2),
+            "f3"                => F(3),
+            "f4"                => F(4),
+            "f5"                => F(5),
+            "f6"                => F(6),
+            "f7"                => F(7),
+            "f8"                => F(8),
+            "f9"                => F(9),
+            "f10"               => F(10),
+            "f11"               => F(11),
+            "f12"               => F(12),
+            _ => return None,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+/// TUI works in u16 coordinates.
+impl Coord for u16 { fn plus (self, other: Self) -> Self { self.saturating_add(other) } }
+
+impl Draw<Buffer> for u64 {
+    fn draw (&self, _to: &mut Buffer) { todo!() }
+}
+impl Draw<Buffer> for f64 {
+    fn draw (&self, _to: &mut Buffer) { todo!() }
+}
+impl Draw<Buffer> for &str {
+    fn draw (&self, to: &mut Buffer) {
+        let XYWH(x, y, w, ..) = to.centered_xy([width_chars_max(to.w(), self), 1]);
+        to.text(&self, x, y, w)
+    }
+}
+impl Draw<Buffer> for String {
+    fn draw (&self, to: &mut Buffer) { self.as_str().draw(to) }
+}
+impl Draw<Buffer> for Arc<str> {
+    fn draw (&self, to: &mut Buffer) { self.as_ref().draw(to) }
+}
+
+mod phat {
+    use super::*;
+    pub const LO: &'static str = "▄";
+    pub const HI: &'static str = "▀";
+    /// A phat line
+    pub fn lo (fg: Color, bg: Color) -> impl Draw<Buffer> {
+        H::fixed(1, Tui::fg_bg(fg, bg, X::repeat(self::phat::LO)))
+    }
+    /// A phat line
+    pub fn hi (fg: Color, bg: Color) -> impl Draw<Buffer> {
+        H::fixed(1, Tui::fg_bg(fg, bg, X::repeat(self::phat::HI)))
+    }
+}
+
+mod scroll {
+    pub const ICON_DEC_V: &[char] = &['▲'];
+    pub const ICON_INC_V: &[char] = &['▼'];
+    pub const ICON_DEC_H: &[char] = &[' ', '🞀', ' '];
+    pub const ICON_INC_H: &[char] = &[' ', '🞂', ' '];
+}
+
+fn x_repeat (c: char) {
+    move|to: &mut Buffer|{
+        let XYWH(x, y, w, h) = to.area();
+        for x in x..x+w {
+            if let Some(cell) = to.cell_mut(Position::from((x, y))) {
+                cell.set_symbol(&c);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn y_repeat (c: char) {
+    move|to: &mut Buffer|{
+        let XYWH(x, y, w, h) = to.area();
+        for y in y..y+h {
+            if let Some(cell) = to.cell_mut(Position::from((x, y))) {
+                cell.set_symbol(&c);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn xy_repeat (c: char) {
+    move|to: &mut Buffer|{
+        let XYWH(x, y, w, h) = to.area();
+        let a = c.len();
+        for (_v, y) in (y..y+h).enumerate() {
+            for (u, x) in (x..x+w).enumerate() {
+                if let Some(cell) = to.cell_mut(Position::from((x, y))) {
+                    let u = u % a;
+                    cell.set_symbol(&c[u..u+1]);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// ```
+/// let _ = tengri::button_2("", "", true);
+/// let _ = tengri::button_2("", "", false);
+/// ```
+pub fn button_2 <'a> (key: impl Draw<Buffer>, label: impl Draw<Buffer>, editing: bool) -> impl Draw<Buffer> {
+    Tui::bold(true, bsp_e(
+        Tui::fg_bg(Tui::orange(), Tui::g(0), bsp_e(Tui::fg(Tui::g(0), &"▐"), bsp_e(key, Tui::fg(Tui::g(96), &"▐")))),
+        when(!editing, Tui::fg_bg(Tui::g(255), Tui::g(96), label))))
+}
+
+/// ```
+/// let _ = tengri::button_3("", "", "", true);
+/// let _ = tengri::button_3("", "", "", false);
+/// ```
+pub fn button_3 <'a> (
+    key: impl Draw<Buffer>, label: impl Draw<Buffer>, value: impl Draw<Buffer>, editing: bool,
+) -> impl Draw<Buffer> {
+    Tui::bold(true, bsp_e(
+        Tui::fg_bg(Tui::orange(), Tui::g(0),
+            bsp_e(Tui::fg(Tui::g(0), &"▐"), bsp_e(key, Tui::fg(if editing { Tui::g(128) } else { Tui::g(96) }, "▐")))),
+        bsp_e(
+            when(!editing, bsp_e(Tui::fg_bg(Tui::g(255), Tui::g(96), label), Tui::fg_bg(Tui::g(128), Tui::g(96), &"▐"),)),
+            bsp_e(Tui::fg_bg(Tui::g(224), Tui::g(128), value), Tui::fg_bg(Tui::g(128), Reset, &"▌"), ))))
+}
+
+macro_rules! border {
+    ($($T:ident {
+        $nw:literal $n:literal $ne:literal $w:literal $e:literal $sw:literal $s:literal $se:literal
+        $($x:tt)*
+    }),+) => {$(
+        impl BorderStyle for $T {
+            const NW: &'static str = $nw;
+            const N:  &'static str = $n;
+            const NE: &'static str = $ne;
+            const W:  &'static str = $w;
+            const E:  &'static str = $e;
+            const SW: &'static str = $sw;
+            const S:  &'static str = $s;
+            const SE: &'static str = $se;
+            $($x)*
+            fn enabled (&self) -> bool { self.0 }
+        }
+        #[derive(Copy, Clone)] pub struct $T(pub bool, pub Style);
+        //impl Layout<Tui> for $T {}
+        impl Draw<Buffer> for $T {
+            fn draw (&self, to: &mut Buffer) {
+                if self.enabled() { let _ = BorderStyle::draw(self, to); }
+            }
+        }
+    )+}
+}
+
+border! {
+    Square {
+        "┌" "─" "┐"
+        "│"     "│"
+        "└" "─" "┘" fn style (&self) -> Option<Style> { Some(self.1) }
+    },
+    SquareBold {
+        "┏" "━" "┓"
+        "┃"     "┃"
+        "┗" "━" "┛" fn style (&self) -> Option<Style> { Some(self.1) }
+    },
+    TabLike {
+        "╭" "─" "╮"
+        "│"     "│"
+        "│" " " "│" fn style (&self) -> Option<Style> { Some(self.1) }
+    },
+    Lozenge {
+        "╭" "─" "╮"
+        "│"     "│"
+        "╰" "─" "╯" fn style (&self) -> Option<Style> { Some(self.1) }
+    },
+    Brace {
+        "╭" "" "╮"
+        "│"    "│"
+        "╰" "" "╯" fn style (&self) -> Option<Style> { Some(self.1) }
+    },
+    LozengeDotted {
+        "╭" "┅" "╮"
+        "┇"     "┇"
+        "╰" "┅" "╯" fn style (&self) -> Option<Style> { Some(self.1) }
+    },
+    Quarter {
+        "▎" "▔" "🮇"
+        "▎"     "🮇"
+        "▎" "▁" "🮇" fn style (&self) -> Option<Style> { Some(self.1) }
+    },
+    QuarterV {
+        "▎" "" "🮇"
+        "▎"    "🮇"
+        "▎" "" "🮇" fn style (&self) -> Option<Style> { Some(self.1) }
+    },
+    Chamfer {
+        "🭂" "▔" "🭍"
+        "▎"     "🮇"
+        "🭓" "▁" "🭞" fn style (&self) -> Option<Style> { Some(self.1) }
+    },
+    Corners {
+        "🬆" "" "🬊" // 🬴 🬸
+        ""     ""
+        "🬱" "" "🬵" fn style (&self) -> Option<Style> { Some(self.1) }
+    },
+    CornersTall {
+        "🭽" "" "🭾"
+        ""     ""
+        "🭼" "" "🭿" fn style (&self) -> Option<Style> { Some(self.1) }
+    },
+    Outer {
+        "🭽" "▔" "🭾"
+        "▏"     "▕"
+        "🭼" "▁" "🭿"
+        const W0: &'static str = "[";
+        const E0: &'static str = "]";
+        const N0: &'static str = "⎴";
+        const S0: &'static str = "⎵";
+        fn style (&self) -> Option<Style> { Some(self.1) }
+    },
+    Thick {
+        "▄" "▄" "▄"
+        "█"     "█"
+        "▀" "▀" "▀"
+        fn style (&self) -> Option<Style> { Some(self.1) }
+    },
+    Rugged {
+        "▄" "▂" "▄"
+        "▐"     "▌"
+        "▀" "🮂" "▀"
+        fn style (&self) -> Option<Style> { Some(self.1) }
+    },
+    Skinny {
+        "▗" "▄" "▖"
+        "▐"     "▌"
+        "▝" "▀" "▘"
+        fn style (&self) -> Option<Style> { Some(self.1) }
+    },
+    Brackets {
+        "⎡" "" "⎤"
+        ""     ""
+        "⎣" "" "⎦"
+        const W0: &'static str = "[";
+        const E0: &'static str = "]";
+        const N0: &'static str = "⎴";
+        const S0: &'static str = "⎵";
+        fn style (&self) -> Option<Style> { Some(self.1) }
+    },
+    Reticle {
+        "⎡" "" "⎤"
+        ""     ""
+        "⎣" "" "⎦"
+        const W0: &'static str = "╟";
+        const E0: &'static str = "╢";
+        const N0: &'static str = "┯";
+        const S0: &'static str = "┷";
+        fn style (&self) -> Option<Style> { Some(self.1) }
+    }
+}
+
+pub trait TuiOut: Screen {
+    fn tui_out (&mut self) -> &mut Buffer;
+    fn update (&mut self, area: impl Area<u16>, callback: &impl Fn(&mut Cell, u16, u16)) {
+        tui_update(self.buffer(), area, callback);
+    }
+    fn fill_char (&mut self, area: impl Area<u16>, c: char) {
+        self.update(area, &|cell,_,_|{cell.set_char(c);})
+    }
+    fn fill_bg (&mut self, area: impl Area<u16>, color: Color) {
+        self.update(area, &|cell,_,_|{cell.set_bg(color);})
+    }
+    fn fill_fg (&mut self, area: impl Area<u16>, color: Color) {
+        self.update(area, &|cell,_,_|{cell.set_fg(color);})
+    }
+    fn fill_mod (&mut self, area: impl Area<u16>, on: bool, modifier: Modifier) {
+        if on {
+            self.update(area, &|cell,_,_|cell.modifier.insert(modifier))
+        } else {
+            self.update(area, &|cell,_,_|cell.modifier.remove(modifier))
+        }
+    }
+    fn fill_bold (&mut self, area: impl Area<u16>, on: bool) {
+        self.fill_mod(area, on, Modifier::BOLD)
+    }
+    fn fill_reversed (&mut self, area: impl Area<u16>, on: bool) {
+        self.fill_mod(area, on, Modifier::REVERSED)
+    }
+    fn fill_crossed_out (&mut self, area: impl Area<u16>, on: bool) {
+        self.fill_mod(area, on, Modifier::CROSSED_OUT)
+    }
+    fn fill_ul (&mut self, area: impl Area<u16>, color: Option<Color>) {
+        if let Some(color) = color {
+            self.update(area, &|cell,_,_|{
+                cell.modifier.insert(ratatui::prelude::Modifier::UNDERLINED);
+                cell.underline_color = color;
+            })
+        } else {
+            self.update(area, &|cell,_,_|{
+                cell.modifier.remove(ratatui::prelude::Modifier::UNDERLINED);
+            })
+        }
+    }
+    fn tint_all (&mut self, fg: Color, bg: Color, modifier: Modifier) {
+        for cell in self.buffer().content.iter_mut() {
+            cell.fg = fg;
+            cell.bg = bg;
+            cell.modifier = modifier;
+        }
+    }
+    fn blit (&mut self, text: &impl AsRef<str>, x: u16, y: u16, style: Option<Style>) {
+        let text = text.as_ref();
+        let style = style.unwrap_or(Style::default());
+        let buf = self.buffer();
+        if x < buf.area.width && y < buf.area.height {
+            buf.set_string(x, y, text, style);
+        }
+    }
+    /// Write a line of text
+    ///
+    /// TODO: do a paragraph (handle newlines)
+    fn text (&mut self, text: &impl AsRef<str>, x0: u16, y: u16, max_width: u16) {
+        let text = text.as_ref();
+        let buf = self.buffer();
+        let mut string_width: u16 = 0;
+        for character in text.chars() {
+            let x = x0 + string_width;
+            let character_width = character.width().unwrap_or(0) as u16;
+            string_width += character_width;
+            if string_width > max_width {
+                break
+            }
+            if let Some(cell) = buf.write().unwrap().cell_mut(ratatui::prelude::Position { x, y }) {
+                cell.set_char(character);
+            } else {
+                break
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub trait BorderStyle: Draw<Buffer> + Copy {
+    fn enabled   (&self) -> bool;
+    fn border_n  (&self) -> &str { Self::N  }
+    fn border_s  (&self) -> &str { Self::S  }
+    fn border_e  (&self) -> &str { Self::E  }
+    fn border_w  (&self) -> &str { Self::W  }
+    fn border_nw (&self) -> &str { Self::NW }
+    fn border_ne (&self) -> &str { Self::NE }
+    fn border_sw (&self) -> &str { Self::SW }
+    fn border_se (&self) -> &str { Self::SE }
+
+    fn enclose (self, w: impl Draw<Buffer>) -> impl Draw<Buffer> {
+        bsp_b(XY::fill(border(self.enabled(), self)), w)
+    }
+    fn enclose2 (self, w: impl Draw<Buffer>) -> impl Draw<Buffer> {
+        bsp_b(XY::pad(1, 1, XY::fill(border(self.enabled(), self))), w)
+    }
+    fn enclose_bg (self, w: impl Draw<Buffer>) -> impl Draw<Buffer> {
+        TuiOut::bg(self.style().unwrap().bg.unwrap_or(Color::Reset),
+            bsp_b(XY::fill(border(self.enabled(), self)), w))
+    }
+    #[inline] fn draw <'a> (&self, to: &mut impl TuiOut) -> Usually<()> {
+        if self.enabled() {
+            self.draw_h(to, None)?;
+            self.draw_v(to, None)?;
+            self.draw_c(to, None)?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+    #[inline] fn draw_h (&self, to: &mut impl TuiOut, style: Option<Style>) -> Usually<impl Area<u16>> {
+        let area = to.area();
+        let style = style.or_else(||self.style_horizontal());
+        let [x, x2, y, y2] = area.lrtb();
+        for x in x..x2.saturating_sub(1) {
+            to.blit(&Self::N, x, y, style);
+            to.blit(&Self::S, x, y2.saturating_sub(1), style)
+        }
+        Ok(area)
+    }
+    #[inline] fn draw_v (&self, to: &mut impl TuiOut, style: Option<Style>) -> Usually<impl Area<u16>> {
+        let area = to.area();
+        let style = style.or_else(||self.style_vertical());
+        let [x, x2, y, y2] = area.lrtb();
+        let h = y2 - y;
+        if h > 1 {
+            for y in y..y2.saturating_sub(1) {
+                to.blit(&Self::W, x, y, style);
+                to.blit(&Self::E, x2.saturating_sub(1), y, style);
+            }
+        } else if h > 0 {
+            to.blit(&Self::W0, x, y, style);
+            to.blit(&Self::E0, x2.saturating_sub(1), y, style);
+        }
+        Ok(area)
+    }
+    #[inline] fn draw_c (&self, to: &mut impl TuiOut, style: Option<Style>) -> Usually<impl Area<u16>> {
+        let area = to.area();
+        let style = style.or_else(||self.style_corners());
+        let XYWH(x, y, w, h) = area;
+        if w > 1 && h > 1 {
+            to.blit(&Self::NW, x, y, style);
+            to.blit(&Self::NE, x + w - 1, y, style);
+            to.blit(&Self::SW, x, y + h- 1, style);
+            to.blit(&Self::SE, x + w - 1, y + h - 1, style);
+        }
+        Ok(area)
+    }
+    #[inline] fn style            (&self) -> Option<Style> { None }
+    #[inline] fn style_horizontal (&self) -> Option<Style> { self.style() }
+    #[inline] fn style_vertical   (&self) -> Option<Style> { self.style() }
+    #[inline] fn style_corners    (&self) -> Option<Style> { self.style() }
+
+    const NW: &'static str = "";
+    const N:  &'static str = "";
+    const NE: &'static str = "";
+    const E:  &'static str = "";
+    const SE: &'static str = "";
+    const S:  &'static str = "";
+    const SW: &'static str = "";
+    const W:  &'static str = "";
+
+    const N0: &'static str = "";
+    const S0: &'static str = "";
+    const W0: &'static str = "";
+    const E0: &'static str = "";
+}
+
+/// Stackably padded.
+///
+/// ```
+/// /// TODO
+/// ```
+pub fn phat <T, N: Coord> (w: N, h: N, [fg, bg, hi, lo]: [Color;4], draw: impl Tui) -> impl Tui {
+    let top = W::exact(1, self::phat::lo(bg, hi));
+    let low = W::exact(1, self::phat::hi(bg, lo));
+    let draw = Tui::fg_bg(fg, bg, draw);
+    WH::min(w, h, bsp_s(top, bsp_n(low, WH::fill(draw))))
+}
+
+fn x_scroll () {
+    |to: &mut Buffer|{
+        let XYWH(x1, y1, w, h) = to.area();
+        let mut buf = to.buffer.write().unwrap();
+        let x2 = x1 + w;
+        for (i, x) in (x1..=x2).enumerate() {
+            if let Some(cell) = buf.cell_mut(Position::from((x, y1))) {
+                if i < (self::scroll::ICON_DEC_H.len()) {
+                    cell.set_fg(Rgb(255, 255, 255));
+                    cell.set_bg(Rgb(0, 0, 0));
+                    cell.set_char(self::scroll::ICON_DEC_H[i as usize]);
+                } else if i > (w as usize - self::scroll::ICON_INC_H.len()) {
+                    cell.set_fg(Rgb(255, 255, 255));
+                    cell.set_bg(Rgb(0, 0, 0));
+                    cell.set_char(self::scroll::ICON_INC_H[w as usize - i]);
+                } else if false {
+                    cell.set_fg(Rgb(255, 255, 255));
+                    cell.set_bg(Reset);
+                    cell.set_char('━');
+                } else {
+                    cell.set_fg(Rgb(0, 0, 0));
+                    cell.set_bg(Reset);
+                    cell.set_char('╌');
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn y_scroll () {
+    |to: &mut Buffer|{
+        let XYWH(x1, y1, w, h) = to.area();
+        let mut buf = to.buffer.write().unwrap();
+        let y2 = y1 + h;
+        for (i, y) in (y1..=y2).enumerate() {
+            if let Some(cell) = buf.cell_mut(Position::from((x1, y))) {
+                if (i as usize) < (self::scroll::ICON_DEC_V.len()) {
+                    cell.set_fg(Rgb(255, 255, 255));
+                    cell.set_bg(Rgb(0, 0, 0));
+                    cell.set_char(self::scroll::ICON_DEC_V[i as usize]);
+                } else if (i as usize) > (h as usize - self::scroll::ICON_INC_V.len()) {
+                    cell.set_fg(Rgb(255, 255, 255));
+                    cell.set_bg(Rgb(0, 0, 0));
+                    cell.set_char(self::scroll::ICON_INC_V[h as usize - i]);
+                } else if false {
+                    cell.set_fg(Rgb(255, 255, 255));
+                    cell.set_bg(Reset);
+                    cell.set_char('‖'); // ━
+                } else {
+                    cell.set_fg(Rgb(0, 0, 0));
+                    cell.set_bg(Reset);
+                    cell.set_char('╎'); // ━
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Spawn the TUI output thread which writes colored characters to the terminal.
+pub fn tui_output <W: Write, T: Draw<Buffer> + Send + Sync + 'static> (
+    output: W,
+    exited: &Arc<AtomicBool>,
+    state:  &Arc<RwLock<T>>,
+    sleep:  Duration
+) -> Result<Thread, std::io::Error> {
+    let state = state.clone();
+    tui_setup(&mut output)?;
+    let mut backend = CrosstermBackend::new(output);
+    let WH(width, height) = tui_wh(&mut backend);
+    let mut buffer_a = Buffer::empty(Rect { x: 0, y: 0, width, height });
+    let mut buffer_b = Buffer::empty(Rect { x: 0, y: 0, width, height });
+    Thread::new_sleep(exited.clone(), sleep, move |perf| {
+        let size = tui_wh(&mut backend);
+        if let Ok(state) = state.try_read() {
+            tui_resize(&mut backend, &mut buffer_a, size);
+            buffer_a = tui_redraw(&mut backend, &mut buffer_a, &mut buffer_b);
+        }
+        let timer = format!("{:>3.3}ms", perf.used.load(Relaxed));
+        buffer_a.set_string(0, 0, &timer, Style::default());
+    })
+}
+
+pub fn tui_setup (output: &mut impl Write) -> Usually<()> {
+    let better_panic_handler = Settings::auto().verbosity(Verbosity::Full).create_panic_handler();
+    std::panic::set_hook(Box::new(move |info: &std::panic::PanicHookInfo|{
+        output.execute(LeaveAlternateScreen).unwrap();
+        CrosstermBackend::new(output).show_cursor().unwrap();
+        disable_raw_mode().unwrap();
+        better_panic_handler(info);
+    }));
+    output.execute(EnterAlternateScreen)?;
+    CrosstermBackend::new(output).hide_cursor()?;
+    enable_raw_mode().map_err(Into::into)
+}
+
+pub fn tui_resize <W: Write> (
+    backend: &mut CrosstermBackend<W>,
+    buffer:  &mut Buffer,
+    size:    WH<u16>
+) {
+    if buffer.area != size {
+        backend.clear_region(ClearType::All).unwrap();
+        buffer.resize(size);
+        buffer.reset();
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn tui_redraw <'b, W: Write> (
+    backend: &mut CrosstermBackend<W>,
+    mut prev_buffer: &'b mut Buffer,
+    mut next_buffer: &'b mut Buffer
+) {
+    let updates = prev_buffer.diff(&next_buffer);
+    backend.draw(updates.into_iter()).expect("failed to render");
+    Backend::flush(backend).expect("failed to flush output new_buffer");
+    std::mem::swap(&mut prev_buffer, &mut next_buffer);
+    next_buffer.reset();
+    next_buffer
+}
+
+pub fn tui_teardown <W: Write> (backend: &mut CrosstermBackend<W>) -> Usually<()> {
+    stdout().execute(LeaveAlternateScreen)?;
+    backend.show_cursor()?;
+    disable_raw_mode().map_err(Into::into)
+}
+
+pub fn tui_update (
+    buf: &mut Buffer, area: XYWH<u16>, callback: &impl Fn(&mut Cell, u16, u16)
+) {
+    for row in 0..area.h() {
+        let y = area.y() + row;
+        for col in 0..area.w() {
+            let x = area.x() + col;
+            if x < buf.area.width && y < buf.area.height {
+                if let Some(cell) = buf.cell_mut(ratatui::prelude::Position { x, y }) {
+                    callback(cell, col, row);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn tui_wh <W: Write> (backend: &mut CrosstermBackend<W>) -> WH<u16> {
+    let Size { width, height } = backend.size().expect("get size failed");
+    WH(width, height)
+}
+
+/// Draw contents with foreground color applied.
+pub const fn fg (enabled: bool, color: Color, item: impl Tui) -> impl Tui {
+    |to: &mut Buffer|item.draw(to.with_fg(enabled, color))
+}
+
+/// Draw contents with background color applied.
+pub const fn bg (enabled: bool, color: Color, item: impl Tui) -> impl Tui {
+    |to: &mut Buffer|item.draw(to.with_bg(enabled, color))
+}
+
+/// Draw contents with modifier applied.
+pub const fn modify (enabled: bool, modifier: Modifier, item: impl Tui) -> impl Tui {
+    |to: &mut Buffer|item.draw(to.with_modifier(enabled, modifier, item))
+}
+
+pub const fn bold (enabled: bool, item: impl Tui) -> impl Tui {
+    modify(enabled, Modifier::BOLD, item)
+}
+
+/// Draw contents with style applied.
+pub const fn styled (enabled: bool, style: Style, item: impl Tui) -> impl Tui {
+    |to: &mut Buffer|item.draw(to.with_style(enabled, style, item))
+}
+
+/// Draw border around shrinked item.
+///
+/// ```
+/// /// TODO
+/// ```
+pub const fn border <T, S: BorderStyle> (on: bool, style: S, draw: impl Tui) -> impl Tui {
+    WH::fill(bsp_a(when(on, |to: &mut Area|{
+        let area = to.area();
+        if area.w() > 0 && area.y() > 0 {
+            to.blit(&style.border_nw(), area.x(), area.y(), style.style());
+            to.blit(&style.border_ne(), area.x() + area.w() - 1, area.y(), style.style());
+            to.blit(&style.border_sw(), area.x(), area.y() + area.h() - 1, style.style());
+            to.blit(&style.border_se(), area.x() + area.w() - 1, area.y() + area.h() - 1, style.style());
+            for x in area.x()+1..area.x()+area.w()-1 {
+                to.blit(&style.border_n(), x, area.y(), style.style());
+                to.blit(&style.border_s(), x, area.y() + area.h() - 1, style.style());
+            }
+            for y in area.y()+1..area.y()+area.h()-1 {
+                to.blit(&style.border_w(), area.x(), y, style.style());
+                to.blit(&style.border_e(), area.x() + area.w() - 1, y, style.style());
+            }
+        }
+    }), pad(Some(1), Some(1), draw)))
+}
+
+/// Draw TUI content or its error message.
+///
+/// ```
+/// let _ = tengri::tui::catcher(Ok(Some("hello")));
+/// let _ = tengri::tui::catcher(Ok(None));
+/// let _ = tengri::tui::catcher(Err("draw fail".into()));
+/// ```
+pub fn catcher <T, E> (error: Perhaps<E>, draw: impl Tui) -> impl Tui {
+    move|to: &mut Buffer|match error.as_ref() {
+        Ok(Some(content)) => draw(to),
+        Ok(None) => to.blit(&"<empty>", 0, 0, Some(Style::default().yellow())),
+        Err(e) => {
+            let err_fg = rgb(255,224,244);
+            let err_bg = rgb(96, 24, 24);
+            let title  = bsp_e(bold(true, "upsi daisy. "), "rendering failed.");
+            let error  = bsp_e("\"why?\" ", bold(true, format!("{e}")));
+            &fg(err_fg, bg(err_bg, bsp_s(title, error)))(to)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// TUI buffer sized by `usize` instead of `u16`.
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub struct BigBuffer {
+    pub width:   usize,
+    pub height:  usize,
+    pub content: Vec<Cell>
+}
+impl_from!(BigBuffer: |size:(usize, usize)| Self::new(size.0, size.1));
+impl_debug!(BigBuffer |self, f| { write!(f, "[BB {}x{} ({})]", self.width, self.height, self.content.len()) });
+impl BigBuffer {
+    pub fn new (width: usize, height: usize) -> Self {
+        Self { width, height, content: vec![Cell::default(); width*height] }
+    }
+    pub fn get (&self, x: usize, y: usize) -> Option<&Cell> {
+        let i = self.index_of(x, y);
+        self.content.get(i)
+    }
+    pub fn get_mut (&mut self, x: usize, y: usize) -> Option<&mut Cell> {
+        let i = self.index_of(x, y);
+        self.content.get_mut(i)
+    }
+    pub fn index_of (&self, x: usize, y: usize) -> usize {
+        y * self.width + x
+    }
+}

src/text.rs

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+use crate::draw::Draw;
 pub(crate) use ::unicode_width::*;
 
 /// Displays an owned [str]-like with fixed maximum width.
@@ -41,3 +42,41 @@ pub(crate) fn width_chars_max (max: u16, text: impl AsRef<str>) -> u16 {
     }
     return width
 }
+
+#[cfg(feature = "term")] mod impl_term {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::draw::XYWH;
+    use ratatui::prelude::{Buffer, Position};
+    impl<'a, T> Draw<Buffer> for TrimStringRef<'a, T> {
+        fn draw (&self, to: &mut Buffer) {
+            let XYWH(x, y, w, ..) = XYWH(to.x(), to.y(), to.w().min(self.0).min(self.1.as_ref().width() as u16), to.h());
+            to.text(&self, x, y, w)
+        }
+    }
+    impl<T> Draw<Buffer> for TrimString<T> {
+        fn draw (&self, to: &mut Buffer) { self.as_ref().draw(to) }
+    }
+    impl<'a, T: AsRef<str>> Draw<Buffer> for TrimString<T> {
+        fn draw (&self, to: &mut Buffer) { Draw::draw(&self.as_ref(), to) }
+    }
+    impl<T: AsRef<str>> Draw<Buffer> for TrimStringRef<'_, T> {
+        fn draw (&self, target: &mut Buffer) {
+            let area = target.area();
+            let mut buf = target.buffer.write().unwrap();
+            let mut width: u16 = 1;
+            let mut chars = self.1.as_ref().chars();
+            while let Some(c) = chars.next() {
+                if width > self.0 || width > area.w() {
+                    break
+                }
+                if let Some(cell) = buf.cell_mut(Position {
+                    x: area.x() + width - 1,
+                    y: area.y()
+                }) {
+                    cell.set_char(c);
+                }
+                width += c.width().unwrap_or(0) as u16;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}