flatten workspace into 1 crate

src/time/clock.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+use crate::*;
+
+pub trait HasClock: Send + Sync {
+    fn clock (&self) -> &ClockModel;
+}
+
+#[macro_export] macro_rules! has_clock {
+    (|$self:ident:$Struct:ident$(<$($L:lifetime),*$($T:ident$(:$U:path)?),*>)?|$cb:expr) => {
+        impl $(<$($L),*$($T $(: $U)?),*>)? HasClock for $Struct $(<$($L),*$($T),*>)? {
+            fn clock (&$self) -> &ClockModel { $cb }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub enum ClockCommand {
+    Play(Option<u32>),
+    Pause(Option<u32>),
+    SeekUsec(f64),
+    SeekSample(f64),
+    SeekPulse(f64),
+    SetBpm(f64),
+    SetQuant(f64),
+    SetSync(f64),
+}
+
+impl<T: HasClock> Command<T> for ClockCommand {
+    fn execute (self, state: &mut T) -> Perhaps<Self> {
+        use ClockCommand::*;
+        match self {
+            Play(start)        => state.clock().play_from(start)?,
+            Pause(pause)       => state.clock().pause_at(pause)?,
+            SeekUsec(usec)     => state.clock().playhead.update_from_usec(usec),
+            SeekSample(sample) => state.clock().playhead.update_from_sample(sample),
+            SeekPulse(pulse)   => state.clock().playhead.update_from_pulse(pulse),
+            SetBpm(bpm)        => return Ok(Some(SetBpm(state.clock().timebase().bpm.set(bpm)))),
+            SetQuant(quant)    => return Ok(Some(SetQuant(state.clock().quant.set(quant)))),
+            SetSync(sync)      => return Ok(Some(SetSync(state.clock().sync.set(sync)))),
+        };
+        Ok(None)
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct ClockModel {
+    /// JACK transport handle.
+    pub transport: Arc<Transport>,
+    /// Global temporal resolution (shared by [Moment] fields)
+    pub timebase:  Arc<Timebase>,
+    /// Current global sample and usec (monotonic from JACK clock)
+    pub global:    Arc<Moment>,
+    /// Global sample and usec at which playback started
+    pub started:   Arc<RwLock<Option<Moment>>>,
+    /// Playback offset (when playing not from start)
+    pub offset:    Arc<Moment>,
+    /// Current playhead position
+    pub playhead:  Arc<Moment>,
+    /// Note quantization factor
+    pub quant:     Arc<Quantize>,
+    /// Launch quantization factor
+    pub sync:      Arc<LaunchSync>,
+    /// Size of buffer in samples
+    pub chunk:     Arc<AtomicUsize>,
+}
+
+from!(|jack: &Arc<RwLock<JackClient>>| ClockModel = {
+    let jack      = jack.read().unwrap();
+    let chunk     = jack.client().buffer_size();
+    let transport = jack.client().transport();
+    let timebase  = Arc::new(Timebase::default());
+    Self {
+        quant:     Arc::new(24.into()),
+        sync:      Arc::new(384.into()),
+        transport: Arc::new(transport),
+        chunk:     Arc::new((chunk as usize).into()),
+        global:    Arc::new(Moment::zero(&timebase)),
+        playhead:  Arc::new(Moment::zero(&timebase)),
+        offset:    Arc::new(Moment::zero(&timebase)),
+        started:   RwLock::new(None).into(),
+        timebase,
+    }
+});
+
+impl std::fmt::Debug for ClockModel {
+    fn fmt (&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::result::Result<(), std::fmt::Error> {
+        f.debug_struct("ClockModel")
+            .field("timebase", &self.timebase)
+            .field("chunk",    &self.chunk)
+            .field("quant",    &self.quant)
+            .field("sync",     &self.sync)
+            .field("global",   &self.global)
+            .field("playhead", &self.playhead)
+            .field("started",  &self.started)
+            .finish()
+    }
+}
+
+impl ClockModel {
+    pub fn timebase (&self) -> &Arc<Timebase> {
+        &self.timebase
+    }
+    /// Current sample rate
+    pub fn sr (&self) -> &SampleRate {
+        &self.timebase.sr
+    }
+    /// Current tempo
+    pub fn bpm (&self) -> &BeatsPerMinute {
+        &self.timebase.bpm
+    }
+    /// Current MIDI resolution
+    pub fn ppq (&self) -> &PulsesPerQuaver {
+        &self.timebase.ppq
+    }
+    /// Next pulse that matches launch sync (for phrase switchover)
+    pub fn next_launch_pulse (&self) -> usize {
+        let sync  = self.sync.get() as usize;
+        let pulse = self.playhead.pulse.get() as usize;
+        if pulse % sync == 0 {
+            pulse
+        } else {
+            (pulse / sync + 1) * sync
+        }
+    }
+    /// Start playing, optionally seeking to a given location beforehand
+    pub fn play_from (&self, start: Option<u32>) -> Usually<()> {
+        if let Some(start) = start {
+            self.transport.locate(start)?;
+        }
+        self.transport.start()?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+    /// Pause, optionally seeking to a given location afterwards
+    pub fn pause_at (&self, pause: Option<u32>) -> Usually<()> {
+        self.transport.stop()?;
+        if let Some(pause) = pause {
+            self.transport.locate(pause)?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+    /// Is currently paused?
+    pub fn is_stopped (&self) -> bool {
+        self.started.read().unwrap().is_none()
+    }
+    /// Is currently playing?
+    pub fn is_rolling (&self) -> bool {
+        self.started.read().unwrap().is_some()
+    }
+    /// Update chunk size
+    pub fn set_chunk (&self, n_frames: usize) {
+        self.chunk.store(n_frames, Relaxed);
+    }
+    pub fn update_from_scope (&self, scope: &ProcessScope) -> Usually<()> {
+        // Store buffer length
+        self.set_chunk(scope.n_frames() as usize);
+
+        // Store reported global frame and usec
+        let CycleTimes { current_frames, current_usecs, .. } = scope.cycle_times()?;
+        self.global.sample.set(current_frames as f64);
+        self.global.usec.set(current_usecs as f64);
+
+        // If transport has just started or just stopped,
+        // update starting point:
+        let mut started = self.started.write().unwrap();
+        match (self.transport.query_state()?, started.as_ref()) {
+            (TransportState::Rolling, None) => {
+                let moment = Moment::zero(&self.timebase);
+                moment.sample.set(current_frames as f64);
+                moment.usec.set(current_usecs as f64);
+                *started = Some(moment);
+            },
+            (TransportState::Stopped, Some(_)) => {
+                *started = None;
+            },
+            _ => {}
+        };
+
+        self.playhead.update_from_sample(started.as_ref()
+            .map(|started|current_frames as f64 - started.sample.get())
+            .unwrap_or(0.));
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+/// Hosts the JACK callback for updating the temporal pointer and playback status.
+pub struct ClockAudio<'a, T: HasClock>(pub &'a mut T);
+
+impl<T: HasClock> Audio for ClockAudio<'_, T> {
+    #[inline] fn process (&mut self, _: &Client, scope: &ProcessScope) -> Control {
+        self.0.clock().update_from_scope(scope).unwrap();
+        Control::Continue
+    }
+}

src/time/moment.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
+use crate::*;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub enum Moment2 {
+    None,
+    Zero,
+    Usec(Microsecond),
+    Sample(SampleCount),
+    Pulse(Pulse),
+}
+
+/// A point in time in all time scales (microsecond, sample, MIDI pulse)
+#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone)]
+pub struct Moment {
+    pub timebase: Arc<Timebase>,
+    /// Current time in microseconds
+    pub usec:   Microsecond,
+    /// Current time in audio samples
+    pub sample: SampleCount,
+    /// Current time in MIDI pulses
+    pub pulse:  Pulse,
+}
+
+impl Moment {
+    pub fn zero (timebase: &Arc<Timebase>) -> Self {
+        Self { usec: 0.into(), sample: 0.into(), pulse: 0.into(), timebase: timebase.clone() }
+    }
+    pub fn from_usec (timebase: &Arc<Timebase>, usec: f64) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            usec:     usec.into(),
+            sample:   timebase.sr.usecs_to_sample(usec).into(),
+            pulse:    timebase.usecs_to_pulse(usec).into(),
+            timebase: timebase.clone(),
+        }
+    }
+    pub fn from_sample (timebase: &Arc<Timebase>, sample: f64) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            sample:   sample.into(),
+            usec:     timebase.sr.samples_to_usec(sample).into(),
+            pulse:    timebase.samples_to_pulse(sample).into(),
+            timebase: timebase.clone(),
+        }
+    }
+    pub fn from_pulse (timebase: &Arc<Timebase>, pulse: f64) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            pulse:    pulse.into(),
+            sample:   timebase.pulses_to_sample(pulse).into(),
+            usec:     timebase.pulses_to_usec(pulse).into(),
+            timebase: timebase.clone(),
+        }
+    }
+    #[inline] pub fn update_from_usec (&self, usec: f64) {
+        self.usec.set(usec);
+        self.pulse.set(self.timebase.usecs_to_pulse(usec));
+        self.sample.set(self.timebase.sr.usecs_to_sample(usec));
+    }
+    #[inline] pub fn update_from_sample (&self, sample: f64) {
+        self.usec.set(self.timebase.sr.samples_to_usec(sample));
+        self.pulse.set(self.timebase.samples_to_pulse(sample));
+        self.sample.set(sample);
+    }
+    #[inline] pub fn update_from_pulse (&self, pulse: f64) {
+        self.usec.set(self.timebase.pulses_to_usec(pulse));
+        self.pulse.set(pulse);
+        self.sample.set(self.timebase.pulses_to_sample(pulse));
+    }
+    #[inline] pub fn format_beat (&self) -> String {
+        self.timebase.format_beats_1(self.pulse.get())
+    }
+}
+
+/// Temporal resolutions: sample rate, tempo, MIDI pulses per quaver (beat)
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct Timebase {
+    /// Audio samples per second
+    pub sr:  SampleRate,
+    /// MIDI beats per minute
+    pub bpm: BeatsPerMinute,
+    /// MIDI ticks per beat
+    pub ppq: PulsesPerQuaver,
+}
+
+impl Timebase {
+    /// Specify sample rate, BPM and PPQ
+    pub fn new (
+        s: impl Into<SampleRate>,
+        b: impl Into<BeatsPerMinute>,
+        p: impl Into<PulsesPerQuaver>
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self { sr: s.into(), bpm: b.into(), ppq: p.into() }
+    }
+    /// Iterate over ticks between start and end.
+    #[inline] pub fn pulses_between_samples (&self, start: usize, end: usize) -> TicksIterator {
+        TicksIterator { spp: self.samples_per_pulse(), sample: start, start, end }
+    }
+    /// Return the duration fo a beat in microseconds
+    #[inline] pub fn usec_per_beat (&self) -> f64 { 60_000_000f64 / self.bpm.get() }
+    /// Return the number of beats in a second
+    #[inline] pub fn beat_per_second (&self) -> f64 { self.bpm.get() / 60f64 }
+    /// Return the number of microseconds corresponding to a note of the given duration
+    #[inline] pub fn note_to_usec (&self, (num, den): (f64, f64)) -> f64 {
+        4.0 * self.usec_per_beat() * num / den
+    }
+    /// Return duration of a pulse in microseconds (BPM-dependent)
+    #[inline] pub fn pulse_per_usec (&self) -> f64 { self.ppq.get() / self.usec_per_beat() }
+    /// Return duration of a pulse in microseconds (BPM-dependent)
+    #[inline] pub fn usec_per_pulse (&self) -> f64 { self.usec_per_beat() / self.ppq.get() }
+    /// Return number of pulses to which a number of microseconds corresponds (BPM-dependent)
+    #[inline] pub fn usecs_to_pulse (&self, usec: f64) -> f64 { usec * self.pulse_per_usec() }
+    /// Convert a number of pulses to a sample number (SR- and BPM-dependent)
+    #[inline] pub fn pulses_to_usec (&self, pulse: f64) -> f64 { pulse / self.usec_per_pulse() }
+    /// Return number of pulses in a second (BPM-dependent)
+    #[inline] pub fn pulses_per_second (&self) -> f64 { self.beat_per_second() * self.ppq.get() }
+    /// Return fraction of a pulse to which a sample corresponds (SR- and BPM-dependent)
+    #[inline] pub fn pulses_per_sample (&self) -> f64 {
+        self.usec_per_pulse() / self.sr.usec_per_sample()
+    }
+    /// Return number of samples in a pulse (SR- and BPM-dependent)
+    #[inline] pub fn samples_per_pulse (&self) -> f64 {
+        self.sr.get() / self.pulses_per_second()
+    }
+    /// Convert a number of pulses to a sample number (SR- and BPM-dependent)
+    #[inline] pub fn pulses_to_sample (&self, p: f64) -> f64 {
+        self.pulses_per_sample() * p
+    }
+    /// Convert a number of samples to a pulse number (SR- and BPM-dependent)
+    #[inline] pub fn samples_to_pulse (&self, s: f64) -> f64 {
+        s / self.pulses_per_sample()
+    }
+    /// Return the number of samples corresponding to a note of the given duration
+    #[inline] pub fn note_to_samples (&self, note: (f64, f64)) -> f64 {
+        self.usec_to_sample(self.note_to_usec(note))
+    }
+    /// Return the number of samples corresponding to the given number of microseconds
+    #[inline] pub fn usec_to_sample (&self, usec: f64) -> f64 {
+        usec * self.sr.get() / 1000f64
+    }
+    /// Return the quantized position of a moment in time given a step
+    #[inline] pub fn quantize (&self, step: (f64, f64), time: f64) -> (f64, f64) {
+        let step = self.note_to_usec(step);
+        (time / step, time % step)
+    }
+    /// Quantize a collection of events
+    #[inline] pub fn quantize_into <E: Iterator<Item=(f64, f64)> + Sized, T> (
+        &self, step: (f64, f64), events: E
+    ) -> Vec<(f64, f64)> {
+        events.map(|(time, event)|(self.quantize(step, time).0, event)).collect()
+    }
+    /// Format a number of pulses into Beat.Bar.Pulse starting from 0
+    #[inline] pub fn format_beats_0 (&self, pulse: f64) -> String {
+        let pulse = pulse as usize;
+        let ppq   = self.ppq.get() as usize;
+        let (beats, pulses) = if ppq > 0 { (pulse / ppq, pulse % ppq) } else { (0, 0) };
+        format!("{}.{}.{pulses:02}", beats / 4, beats % 4)
+    }
+    /// Format a number of pulses into Beat.Bar starting from 0
+    #[inline] pub fn format_beats_0_short (&self, pulse: f64) -> String {
+        let pulse = pulse as usize;
+        let ppq   = self.ppq.get() as usize;
+        let beats = if ppq > 0 { pulse / ppq } else { 0 };
+        format!("{}.{}", beats / 4, beats % 4)
+    }
+    /// Format a number of pulses into Beat.Bar.Pulse starting from 1
+    #[inline] pub fn format_beats_1 (&self, pulse: f64) -> String {
+        let pulse = pulse as usize;
+        let ppq   = self.ppq.get() as usize;
+        let (beats, pulses) = if ppq > 0 { (pulse / ppq, pulse % ppq) } else { (0, 0) };
+        format!("{}.{}.{pulses:02}", beats / 4 + 1, beats % 4 + 1)
+    }
+    /// Format a number of pulses into Beat.Bar.Pulse starting from 1
+    #[inline] pub fn format_beats_1_short (&self, pulse: f64) -> String {
+        let pulse = pulse as usize;
+        let ppq   = self.ppq.get() as usize;
+        let beats = if ppq > 0 { pulse / ppq } else { 0 };
+        format!("{}.{}", beats / 4 + 1, beats % 4 + 1)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Default for Timebase {
+    fn default () -> Self { Self::new(48000f64, 150f64, DEFAULT_PPQ) }
+}

src/time/perf.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+use crate::*;
+
+/// Performance counter
+pub struct PerfModel {
+    pub enabled: bool,
+    clock:  quanta::Clock,
+    // In nanoseconds
+    used:   AtomicF64,
+    // In microseconds
+    period: AtomicF64,
+}
+
+pub trait HasPerf {
+    fn perf (&self) -> &PerfModel;
+}
+
+impl Default for PerfModel {
+    fn default () -> Self {
+        Self {
+            enabled: true,
+            clock:   quanta::Clock::new(),
+            used:    Default::default(),
+            period:  Default::default(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl PerfModel {
+    pub fn get_t0 (&self) -> Option<u64> {
+        if self.enabled {
+            Some(self.clock.raw())
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+    pub fn update (&self, t0: Option<u64>, scope: &ProcessScope) {
+        if let Some(t0) = t0 {
+            let t1 = self.clock.raw();
+            self.used.store(
+                self.clock.delta_as_nanos(t0, t1) as f64,
+                Relaxed,
+            );
+            self.period.store(
+                scope.cycle_times().unwrap().period_usecs as f64,
+                Relaxed,
+            );
+        }
+    }
+    pub fn percentage (&self) -> Option<f64> {
+        let period = self.period.load(Relaxed) * 1000.0;
+        if period > 0.0 {
+            let used = self.used.load(Relaxed);
+            Some(100.0 * used / period)
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+}

src/time/pulse.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+use crate::*;
+
+pub const DEFAULT_PPQ: f64 = 96.0;
+
+/// FIXME: remove this and use PPQ from timebase everywhere:
+pub const PPQ: usize = 96;
+
+/// MIDI resolution in PPQ (pulses per quarter note)
+#[derive(Debug, Default)] pub struct PulsesPerQuaver(AtomicF64);
+impl_time_unit!(PulsesPerQuaver);
+
+/// Timestamp in MIDI pulses
+#[derive(Debug, Default)] pub struct Pulse(AtomicF64);
+impl_time_unit!(Pulse);
+
+/// Tempo in beats per minute
+#[derive(Debug, Default)] pub struct BeatsPerMinute(AtomicF64);
+impl_time_unit!(BeatsPerMinute);
+
+/// Quantization setting for launching clips
+#[derive(Debug, Default)] pub struct LaunchSync(AtomicF64);
+impl_time_unit!(LaunchSync);
+impl LaunchSync {
+    pub fn next (&self) -> f64 {
+        Note::next(self.get() as usize) as f64
+    }
+    pub fn prev (&self) -> f64 {
+        Note::prev(self.get() as usize) as f64
+    }
+}
+
+/// Quantization setting for notes
+#[derive(Debug, Default)] pub struct Quantize(AtomicF64);
+impl_time_unit!(Quantize);
+impl Quantize {
+    pub fn next (&self) -> f64 {
+        Note::next(self.get() as usize) as f64
+    }
+    pub fn prev (&self) -> f64 {
+        Note::prev(self.get() as usize) as f64
+    }
+}
+
+/// Iterator that emits subsequent ticks within a range.
+pub struct TicksIterator {
+    pub spp:    f64,
+    pub sample: usize,
+    pub start:  usize,
+    pub end:    usize,
+}
+impl Iterator for TicksIterator {
+    type Item = (usize, usize);
+    fn next (&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        loop {
+            if self.sample > self.end { return None }
+            let spp    = self.spp;
+            let sample = self.sample as f64;
+            let start  = self.start;
+            let end    = self.end;
+            self.sample += 1;
+            //println!("{spp} {sample} {start} {end}");
+            let jitter = sample.rem_euclid(spp); // ramps
+            let next_jitter = (sample + 1.0).rem_euclid(spp);
+            if jitter > next_jitter { // at crossing:
+                let time = (sample as usize) % (end as usize-start as usize);
+                let tick = (sample / spp) as usize;
+                return Some((time, tick))
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

src/time/sr.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+use crate::*;
+
+/// Timestamp in microseconds
+#[derive(Debug, Default)] pub struct Microsecond(AtomicF64);
+impl_time_unit!(Microsecond);
+impl Microsecond {
+    #[inline] pub fn format_msu (&self) -> String {
+        let usecs              = self.get() as usize;
+        let (seconds, msecs)   = (usecs / 1000000, usecs / 1000 % 1000);
+        let (minutes, seconds) = (seconds / 60, seconds % 60);
+        format!("{minutes}:{seconds:02}:{msecs:03}")
+    }
+}
+
+/// Audio sample rate in Hz (samples per second)
+#[derive(Debug, Default)] pub struct SampleRate(AtomicF64);
+impl_time_unit!(SampleRate);
+impl SampleRate {
+    /// Return the duration of a sample in microseconds (floating)
+    #[inline] pub fn usec_per_sample (&self) -> f64 {
+        1_000_000f64 / self.get()
+    }
+    /// Return the duration of a sample in microseconds (floating)
+    #[inline] pub fn sample_per_usec (&self) -> f64 {
+        self.get() / 1_000_000f64
+    }
+    /// Convert a number of samples to microseconds (floating)
+    #[inline] pub fn samples_to_usec (&self, samples: f64) -> f64 {
+        self.usec_per_sample() * samples
+    }
+    /// Convert a number of microseconds to samples (floating)
+    #[inline] pub fn usecs_to_sample (&self, usecs:   f64) -> f64 {
+        self.sample_per_usec() * usecs
+    }
+}
+
+/// Timestamp in audio samples
+#[derive(Debug, Default)] pub struct SampleCount(AtomicF64);
+impl_time_unit!(SampleCount);

src/time/unit.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+use crate::*;
+
+/// A unit of time, represented as an atomic 64-bit float.
+///
+/// According to https://stackoverflow.com/a/873367, as per IEEE754,
+/// every integer between 1 and 2^53 can be represented exactly.
+/// This should mean that, even at 192kHz sampling rate, over 1 year of audio
+/// can be clocked in microseconds with f64 without losing precision.
+pub trait TimeUnit: InteriorMutable<f64> {}
+
+/// Implement an arithmetic operation for a unit of time
+#[macro_export] macro_rules! impl_op {
+    ($T:ident, $Op:ident, $method:ident, |$a:ident,$b:ident|{$impl:expr}) => {
+        impl $Op<Self> for $T {
+            type Output = Self; #[inline] fn $method (self, other: Self) -> Self::Output {
+                let $a = self.get(); let $b = other.get(); Self($impl.into())
+            }
+        }
+        impl $Op<usize> for $T {
+            type Output = Self; #[inline] fn $method (self, other: usize) -> Self::Output {
+                let $a = self.get(); let $b = other as f64; Self($impl.into())
+            }
+        }
+        impl $Op<f64> for $T {
+            type Output = Self; #[inline] fn $method (self, other: f64) -> Self::Output {
+                let $a = self.get(); let $b = other; Self($impl.into())
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Define and implement a unit of time
+#[macro_export] macro_rules! impl_time_unit {
+    ($T:ident) => {
+        impl Gettable<f64> for $T {
+            fn get (&self) -> f64 { self.0.load(Relaxed) }
+        }
+        impl InteriorMutable<f64> for $T {
+            fn set (&self, value: f64) -> f64 {
+                let old = self.get();
+                self.0.store(value, Relaxed);
+                old
+            }
+        }
+        impl TimeUnit for $T {}
+        impl_op!($T, Add, add, |a, b|{a + b});
+        impl_op!($T, Sub, sub, |a, b|{a - b});
+        impl_op!($T, Mul, mul, |a, b|{a * b});
+        impl_op!($T, Div, div, |a, b|{a / b});
+        impl_op!($T, Rem, rem, |a, b|{a % b});
+        impl From<f64>   for $T    { fn from (value: f64)   -> Self { Self(value.into()) } }
+        impl From<usize> for $T    { fn from (value: usize) -> Self { Self((value as f64).into()) } }
+        impl From<$T>    for f64   { fn from (value: $T)    -> Self { value.get() } }
+        impl From<$T>    for usize { fn from (value: $T)    -> Self { value.get() as usize } }
+        impl From<&$T>   for f64   { fn from (value: &$T)   -> Self { value.get() } }
+        impl From<&$T>   for usize { fn from (value: &$T)   -> Self { value.get() as usize } }
+        impl Clone for $T { fn clone (&self) -> Self { Self(self.get().into()) } }
+    }
+}